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SQL:2011

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="SQL#Standardization_history" title="SQL">SQL language revisions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

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SQL:2011 or <a href="ISO_9075" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9075">ISO/IEC 9075:2011</a> (under the general title "Information technology – Database languages – SQL") is the seventh revision of the <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> (1987) and <a href="ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> (1986) standard for the <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> <a href="Query_language" title="Query language">query language</a>. It was formally adopted in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The standard consists of 9 parts which are described in detail in <a href="SQL#Interoperability_and_standardization" title="SQL">SQL</a>.

The next version is <a href="SQL%3A2016" title="SQL:2016">SQL:2016</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_features">New features</h2></div>

One of the main new features is improved support for <a href="Temporal_database" title="Temporal database">temporal databases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Language enhancements for temporal data definition and manipulation include:

<ul><li>Time period definitions use two standard table columns as the start and end of a named time period, with <a href="Closed_set" title="Closed set">closed set</a>-<a href="Open_set" title="Open set">open set</a> semantics. This provides compatibility with existing data models, application code, and tools</li>

<li>Definition of application time period tables (elsewhere called <a href="Valid_time" title="Valid time">valid time</a> tables), using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERIOD FOR</code> annotation</li>

<li>Update and deletion of application time rows with automatic time period splitting</li>

<li>Temporal <a href="Primary_key" title="Primary key">primary keys</a> incorporating application time periods with optional non-overlapping constraints via the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WITHOUT OVERLAPS</code> clause</li>

<li>Temporal <a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">referential integrity</a> constraints for application time tables</li>

<li>Application time tables are queried using regular query syntax or using new temporal predicates for time periods including <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CONTAINS</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OVERLAPS</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EQUALS</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRECEDES</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SUCCEEDS</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IMMEDIATELY PRECEDES</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IMMEDIATELY SUCCEEDS</code> (which are modified versions of <a href="Allen's_interval_algebra#Relations" title="Allen's interval algebra">Allen’s interval relations</a>)</li>

<li>Definition of system-versioned tables (elsewhere called <a href="Transaction_time" title="Transaction time">transaction time</a> tables), using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME</code> annotation and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WITH SYSTEM VERSIONING</code> modifier. System time periods are maintained automatically. Constraints for system-versioned tables are not required to be temporal and are only enforced on current rows</li>

<li>Syntax for time-sliced and sequenced queries on system time tables via the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">AS OF SYSTEM TIME</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">VERSIONS BETWEEN SYSTEM TIME ... AND ...</code> clauses</li>

<li>Application time and system versioning can be used together to provide <a href="Bitemporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitemporal">bitemporal</a> tables</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_in_database_management_systems">Support in database management systems</h3></div>

<a href="SAP_HANA" title="SAP HANA">SAP HANA</a> 2.0 SP03 supports system-versioned tables<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> using the standard select syntax <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF '<timestamp1>'</code><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="SAP_HANA" title="SAP HANA">SAP HANA</a> 2.0 SP04 adds (partial) support for application-time versioning <a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<a href="IBM_DB2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM DB2">IBM DB2</a> version 10 claims to be the first database to have a conforming implementation of this feature in what they call "Time Travel Queries",<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> although they use the alternative syntax <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF</code>.

<a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a> 12c supports temporal functionality in compliance with SQL:2011.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Versions 9,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> 10g and 11g implement the time-sliced queries in what they call Flashback Queries, using the alternative syntax <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">AS OF TIMESTAMP</code>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Notably both of Oracle's implementations depend on the database's rollback segment and so only allow temporal queries against recent changes which are still being retained for backup.

<a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> (version 2016) implements temporal tables with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SYSTEM_VERSIONING</code>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<a href="MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a> 10.3 implements system-versioned tables.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> MariaDB 10.4.3 added support for application-versioned tables.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> requires installation of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/arkhipov/temporal_tables">temporal_tables extension</a>. Temporal Tables Extension supports the system-period temporal tables only, but does not follow the SQL:2011 design.

<a href="Ebean" title="Ebean">Ebean</a> ORM supports History AS OF and VERSIONS BETWEEN queries on PostgreSQL and <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> using <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebean.io/docs/features/history">triggers, history tables and views</a>.

<a href="CockroachDB" title="CockroachDB">CockroachDB</a> has supported <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">AS OF SYSTEM TIME</code> queries since at least <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cockroachlabs.com/docs/v1.0/as-of-system-time.html">v1.0.7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Structured Query Language">Structured Query Language</a></div></div>

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<li><a href="Slowly_changing_dimension" title="Slowly changing dimension">Slowly changing dimension</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporal_database" title="Temporal database">Temporal database</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPaulley2011" class="citation cs2">Paulley (December 16, 2011), "SQL:2011 is published", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711002304/http://iablog.sybase.com/paulley/?p=2612">IA</a>, Sybase, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iablog.sybase.com/paulley/?p=2612">the original</a> (blog) on July 11, 2012</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Zemke, Fred. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigmod.org/publications/sigmod-record/1203/pdfs/10.industry.zemke.pdf">What's new in SQL:2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810193539/http://www.sigmod.org/publications/sigmod-record/1203/pdfs/10.industry.zemke.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-08-10 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". ACM SIGMOD Record 41.1 (2012): 67-73

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Kulkarni, Krishna, and Jan-Eike Michels. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigmod.org/publications/sigmod-record/1209/pdfs/07.industry.kulkarni.pdf">Temporal features in SQL: 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115034718/http://www.sigmod.org/publications/sigmod-record/1209/pdfs/07.industry.kulkarni.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-11-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". ACM SIGMOD Record 41.3 (2012): 34-43

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.sap.com/viewer/4fe29514fd584807ac9f2a04f6754767/2.0.03/en-US/20d329a6751910149d5fdbc4800f92ff.html#loio20d329a6751910149d5fdbc4800f92ff__system_versioning_configuration">"SAP Help Portal"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.sap.com/viewer/4fe29514fd584807ac9f2a04f6754767/2.0.03/en-US/20fcf24075191014a89e9dc7b8408b26.html">"SAP Help Portal"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.sap.com/viewer/4fe29514fd584807ac9f2a04f6754767/2.0.04/en-US/20fcf24075191014a89e9dc7b8408b26.html">"SAP Help Portal"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-1204whatsnewdb210/index.html">"Data management"</a>. <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-1204db2temporaldata/">"Data management"</a>. <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation cs2">"SQL:2011", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=53681">Catalogue</a> (webshop), ISO</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtc1sc32.org/doc/N2151-2200/32N2153T-text_for_ballot-FDIS_9075-1.pdf">Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)</a> (draft; PDF), JTC1SC32, 2011-08-06</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtc1sc32.org/doc/N2151-2200/32N2157T-text_for_ballot-FDIS_9075-14.pdf">Part 14: XML-Related Specifications (SQL/XML)</a> (draft; PDF), JTC1SC32, 2011-08-06</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=intitle%3A%22final+committee+draft+%22+intitle%3A9075+site%3Ajtc1sc32.org+2011">List of further freely available Final Committee Drafts</a> (search)</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/focus-areas/storage/total-recall-whitepaper-171749.pdf">Oracle 11g Total Recall Whitepaper</a> (PDF), Oracle, 2009-09-01</cite>.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SQL70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SQL70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SEQUEL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SQL_reserved_words" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL reserved words">Keywords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Create_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Create (SQL)">Create</a></li>

<li><a href="Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">Delete</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_by_(SQL)" title="Group by (SQL)">Group by</a></li>

<li><a href="Having_(SQL)" title="Having (SQL)">Having</a></li>

<li><a href="Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">Insert</a></li>

<li><a href="Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL)">Merge</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_by" title="Order by">Order by</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepare_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepare (SQL)">Prepare</a></li>

<li><a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">Select</a></li>

<li><a href="Truncate_(SQL)" title="Truncate (SQL)">Truncate</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_operations_(SQL)" title="Set operations (SQL)">Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">Update</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar Codd</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC SQL parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Framework</li>

<li>Foundation</li>

<li><a href="SQL/CLI" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/CLI">Call-Level Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">Persistent Stored Modules</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">Management of External Data</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">Object Language Bindings</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/Schemata" title="SQL/Schemata">Information and Definition Schemas</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">XML-Related Specifications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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